Cropping

Key to drought-tolerant crops may be in the leaves

Grain Central, August 23, 2017

A SOLUTION to help farmers to grow crops in dry areas or during stretches of drought may depend on breeding and cultivating plants that protect themselves with a thicker layer of leaf wax, a new study shows.

Researchers at USC and Texas A&M University grew winter wheat in an arid area of Texas with reduced irrigation and found that the plants protect themselves by producing thick leaf. (Photo: Xiuwei Liu, Texas A&M University)

Leaf wax acts as the equivalent of ‘lip balm’ for plants, protecting them from the harmful effects of drought.

University of Southern California (USC) scientist, Sarah Feakins, who has studied leaf wax in the context of climate change, teamed up recently with researchers at Texas A&M University to research and develop drought-resistant crops.

During tests with growing winter wheat, a type harvested for yeast-based breads and other such products, the team found that the cultivars in a high and dry area of Texas generated more protective wax on their leaves as a measure to protect themselves against more extreme conditions.

The results mimicked what scientists have found in leaves in natural ecosystems: those that survive in dry climates have higher concentrations of wax.

“Water conservation depends on innovation, and in this case, we are hoping to find one solution by identifying the traits in this important food crop that would enable the wheat plants to tolerate drought and still produce plenty for harvest,” Ms Feakins, a co-lead author of the study and an associate professor of earth sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, said.

Dry vs. regular moist conditions

Associate profess Feakins said all plants produced wax that helped their leaves repel water and shield the plant from insects and the elements.

The United States is currently the top exporter of wheat in the world, according to the US Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service.

Winter wheat is largely grown for bread products and ingredients, such as all-purpose flour.

For the study, the researchers grew test plots of winter wheat in two different areas of Texas: the high plains of Amarillo and a farming area known as Winter Garden, Uvalde.

At each location, scientists grew 10 cultivars, or plant varieties, of winter wheat that received regular irrigation and another 10 cultivars that received 13 per cent to 25pc less irrigation.

The team compared the leaf wax of all the plots to gauge their drought tolerance.

The plot set to receive 25pc less irrigation in Winter Garden ended up receiving 13pc less because of greater-than-expected rainfall.

But a similar plot grown with 25pc less water in the most arid area, Amarillo, generated 50pc more paraffin on its leaves than the other cultivars in all the other plots, which enabled the plants to tolerate their dry conditions.

“We see a strong effect in the higher and drier location,” associate professor Feakins said.

“We see the plants adapt to their environment and to better protect their leaves, allowing them to respond well to reduced irrigation.”

The lower available water was tracked through carbon isotopes in the plant leaves and in the waxes themselves, tools that are used to reconstruct climates of the past from ancient waxes in sediments.

“This is part of an effort to breed crops that are more drought-resistant. In the world that we are in today, with warming reducing available water, there will be more demand for crops that are drought-resistant,” she said.

Associate professor Feakins said the team would next consider which of their cultivated wheat crop offered the best resilience and were able to generate high yields with low irrigation or precipitation.

Source: University of Southern California

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