A LACK of adequate snow cover to protect the winter crop against cold weather is raising some concerns in parts of the northern hemisphere.

The snow cover acts as an insulating layer for the hibernating wheat and barley crops.

If this is not present, the exposed crop becomes susceptible to damage, and even death, from freezing winter temperatures.

Snow cover in parts of northern Europe is much deeper than in most areas of southern Europe. Photo: Council of the Baltic Sea States

The areas of adequate snow cover are confined to eastern Europe and the Balkans. This leaves the crop in central and western regions susceptible to the sub-zero temperatures that are forecast for most of Europe over the next few weeks. Rainfall will alleviate the immediate issue in isolated regions, but an exposed crop remains very susceptible to a cold snap.

No such issues exist in Russia or its Former Soviet Union (FSU) neighbours, where snow cover is reported to be excellent, and the winter crop in good shape.

The snow cover is so thick it has been playing havoc in recent weeks with the movement of wheat and barley to Black Sea ports for export.

Mixed for US crops

Across the Atlantic, it has been bitterly cold in the northern parts of the US. The market has been finding support on worries that recent snowfall and forecast snowstorms may not be extensive enough to adequately protect the winter crop. Freezing temperatures are forecast for much of the Plains and Midwest through to the end of January. The snowstorms are expected to be less severe in the Southern Plains, but so too are the temperatures, reducing the potential weather and production risk in its counties.

US wheat futures closed out last week in positive territory on the back of firmer Black Sea export values. There appears to be a renewed feeling that the market and price will ensure Russian domestic requirements are met by restricting exports enough to negate the need for government intervention. Available shipping data suggests that there has been a sharp drop in Black Sea wheat loadings to open the New Year, despite their dominance of recent Egyptian tenders.

Rumours also abound of fresh US export wheat business being concluded, along with reports of optional-origin sales being switched to US execution. US Hard Red Winter wheat is now around US$3-5 per tonne cheaper

than both Russian and EU-origin wheat. However, all of this remains anecdotal as long as the US Government shutdown continues, and the key US Department of Agriculture (USDA) market data is not being collated.

Export window

The window for the US and EU to gain wheat export traction before new crop grain is available gets smaller with every unsuccessful Egyptian tender, not that they are the only option. The market is also expecting vastly improved supplies in 2019-20, as global cereal production rebounds from drought-reduced production in many jurisdictions this season.

EU wheat production, for example, is forecast to be 147 million tonnes (Mt), an increase of 16 per cent on this season’s production of 127Mt. With a return to more normal seasonal conditions, both Australian and Russian production could easily be up at least 6Mt. That will bring production in the major exporting countries back up to around 400Mt from 364Mt this season.

Corn buys

Weakness in corn futures values in the middle of last week brought out some buyers, with South Korean importers booking around 260,000t in snap tenders. The biggest purchase of 135,000t was made by the country’s largest stockfeed manufacturer, Nonghyup Feed Inc (NOFI).

Peter McMeekin

The export interest, and the ongoing weather concerns in South America, pushed corn futures higher into last week’s close. US corn exported from the Gulf of Mexico is now cheaper than Ukraine-origin corn delivered into many Mediterranean destinations. Pacific North West (PNW) export prices are also competitive, trading on a par with Argentinian values into the Korean Peninsula.

Total precipitation in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso this summer crop season is running around 35pc below last year. The state produces almost 40pc of Brazil’s safrinha, or second, corn crop. The first corn crop only makes up about a third of Brazil’s total corn production with the safrinha crop making up the balance. This crop is planted immediately after the soybean crop is harvested, and is the major contributor to their export program. With the soybean harvest now ramping up in Brazil, the safrinha plantings have also just commenced, with harvest expected in May.

Market talk suggests China is bidding for Ukraine corn at evens to PNW export values. Given the freight spread is around $18/t in favour of the US, significant sales to China are indeed possible if a resolution can be found to the ongoing China-US trade war.

With US corn prices now competitive internationally, downside from current price levels appears limited. US corn is currently the cheapest in the world and will most likely remain so until the new crop South American harvest comes on stream in the second quarter of the year. Here again, the shutdown means we have no idea if the US is gaining traction in global markets.

Swine fever

Speaking of China, African swine fever is still a significant concern, with 916,000 pigs culled after around 100 outbreaks of the disease had been recorded in 24 provinces since August last year. While that seems a high number, it is small relative to the total pig population of around 430m head. China slaughtered almost 700m pigs in 2017.

The US political issues of recent weeks have been a massive distraction in global grain markets. The dearth of crucial information and statistics has created a market that is merely treading water, with no direction and no rudder.

As a result, the trade focus has now turned to the weather extremes being experienced across the world and the possible global supply ramifications, but that is only one side of the critical supply-and-demand equation.

Peter McMeekin is a consultant to Grain Brokers Australia.